Stunting predictors among children aged 0-24 months in Southeast Asia: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of stunting among children 0-24 months in Southeast Asia. METHODS: This scoping review focused on articles with observational study design in English published from 2012 to 2023 from five international databases. The primary keyword used were: "stunting" OR "growth disorder" AND "newborn" AND "predict" AND "Southeast Asia". RESULTS: Of the 27 articles selected for the final analysis there are thirteen predictors of stunting in seven Southeast Asia countries. The thirteen predictors include the child, mother, home, inadequate complementary feeding, inadequate breastfeeding, inadequate care, poor quality foods, food and water safety, infection, political economy, health and healthcare, water, sanitation, and environment, and social culture factor. CONCLUSION: All these predictors can lead to stunting in Southeast Asia. To prevent it, health service providers and other related sectors need to carry out health promotion and health prevention according to the predictors found.

Factors That Influence the High Number of Elderly People Working in the Informal Sector.

Aim: As individuals age, they are expected to experience a natural progression that usually involves a slight and permanent decrease in bodily functions and physical abilities. Despite this, many older people remain active in the workforce. Purpose: This study seeks to explore the correlation between the health conditions, disabilities, social factors, and demographic circumstances of elderly individuals engaged in both formal and informal employment sectors. Methods: This study utilizes an observational analytical method with a cross-sectional structure. The participants in the research involved all individuals aged 60 years and above who met the outlined criteria, totaling 15,034,946 respondents. The data analysis was conducted using multivariate logistic regression in Model II. Results: Overall, most older adults are working in informal jobs. Moreover, most respondents are 60-69 years old, married, have a primary school certificate, own health insurance and a house, and live with family. In addition, the multivariate analysis shows the relationship between each variable and the informal sector working elderly. It is known that older women have a 1.45 times higher limited educational background, not having savings is 1.21 times, rural areas living 1.93 times, not being the head of the family is linked 1.34 times, poor health conditions are 1.01 times, and having a disability has a 1.20 times higher likelihood of informal-sector employment. Conclusion: Several variables are assigned as the determinants that increase the number of elderly working in informal sectors, including gender, education level, savings ownership, living areas, head of the family role, health status, and disability.

The Influence of Mother's Employment, Family Income, and Expenditure on Stunting Among Children Under Five: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia.

Introduction: It is widely acknowledged that the socioeconomic circumstances of a family income are correctly reflected in that family expenditures. The dietary habits of families are influenced by socioeconomic circumstances that may affect stunting. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the household economic predictor stunting (mother's employment, family income, and family expenditure) in children under five. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. Six districts and cities have been chosen as study areas based on the areas with the highest incidence of stunting in West Java, Indonesia. This study conducted specifically from October to December 2018. Data were examined using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution) and a Spearman Rank bivariate test. A logistic regression was employed to determine the elements that serve as predictors of stunting. Results: A total of 731 women with children under five participated in the study. A bivariate analysis showed that mother's employment had an association with stunting among children under five (p = 0.014). Meanwhile, family income and expenditure are not statistically significant associated with stunting (p > 0.05). A multivariate analysis showed that mother's employment was a stunting predictor with odd ratio (OR) 1.810 (p = 0.017). The OR value means that mothers who do not work have a 1.810 chance for their children to experience stunting compared with mothers who have work. However, family income and expenditure have negative projected values (p = 0.580 and p = 0.398, respectively). Conclusion: Children under five who are stunted are potentially predictive with mothers' employment, with a chance is higher in mother who do not work. However, family income and expenditure are not predictive of stunting.

The Efficacy of Herbs as Complementary and Alternative Therapy in Recovery and Clinical Outcome Among People with COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic continues, and this condition has caused many cases in various countries around the world, resulting in more than 6 million deaths worldwide. Herbal medicines can act as immunomodulators, anti-inflammatories, antioxidants, antimicrobials, and others depending on the type and content of the herbs used. Previous studies have shown that several types of herbs, such as Echinacea purpurea, Curcumin or Turmeric, Nigella sativa, and Zingiber officinale, have proven their effectiveness as herbal plants for COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search through five databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Wiley, and ProQuest to assess the efficacy of phytopharmaceuticals until July 12, 2022. We used the Cochrane RoB 2.0 for the quality assessment of the study. Results: Phytopharmaceuticals significantly improved patients' recovery rate (OR = 3.54; p < 0.00001) and reduced deaths (OR = 0.24; p < 0.0001) compared to the control group. Phytopharmaceuticals also performed as a protective factor for COVID-19 clinical symptoms, such as dyspnea (OR = 0.42; p < 0.05) and myalgia (OR = 0.31; p = 0.02) compared to the control group. However, there is no statistically significant effect on cough (OR = 0.76; p = 0.61) and fever (OR = 0.60; p < 0.20). The results were not affected by patients' covariates [hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases (meta-regression p > 0.05)]. Conclusion: Herbal medicine has the potential as an adjuvant therapy in the management of COVID-19.

Islamic Mindfulness-Based Caring as an Intervention to Manage Fatigue.

Purpose: This study aims to determine the effects of Islamic Mindfulness-based Caring (IMC) on fatigue among breast cancer patients. Design: A quasi-experimental study was undertaken in the chemotherapy unit of a hospital, in Bandung, Indonesia. Methods: A total of 112 females with stage III breast cancer undertaking chemotherapy treatment were recruited by purposive sampling technique. The experimental group (n = 53) was given both IMC and usual care, whereas the control group (n = 59) received only the usual care. Data were collected on days 1, 3, 23, and 44 using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F) and demographic information tools. Data analyses were carried out with the Mixed-Effects Linear Regression. Findings: We found a significant difference in fatigue between the control and experimental groups on days 23 (mean: 29.34-34.92; p = .001) and 44 (mean: 28.68-37.89; p < .001) after IMC intervention. The increase of time was significantly associated with a lower fatigue score (p < .05). Mixed-Effect Linear Regression showed a significant interaction between time and intervention of IMC effect on fatigue score on time-4 (adjusted ß coefficient: 6.62; 95% CI: 2.17-11.06). Conclusions: Nurse-administered IMC is capable of reducing fatigue among breast cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy.

COVID-19 Vaccine Perspective Among University Lecturers and Students: A Qualitative Study of Pre Implementation of Vaccination.

Background: The determinants of vaccine preferences and hesitancy varied by time and place. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the perspective of a COVID-19 vaccine among university-based groups. Methodology: This qualitative research involved lecturers and students, and a selection of online focused group discussion was conducted based on the following criteria, including representatives of the health and non-health faculties, with at least 8 attendees in lecturer groups, and 8 participants in student groups. Results: This study is described in 8 themes covering various issues about COVID-19 vaccine, such as views on COVID-19 vaccine, fake news, vaccine implementation by government. Conclusion: The assessment of vaccine perspective shows that although awaited by some people, it also creates contradictions. This is due to the massive amount of information available regarding the vaccine descriptions. The role of the government as the main policy maker is to provide the right information and to make the right decisions about vaccines and vaccination implementation.

Health Care Needs Among People Living with HIV: The Implication of Continuum of Care.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus remains a major public health problem in Indonesia. People living with HIV (PLWH) have various health problems as result from disease progression that impacts their health care needs. This study aims to explore health care needs and to test the factors associated with health care needs among people living with HIV. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was undertaken with 243 respondents completing a self-reported HIV-Health Care Need Questionnaire. Participants were recruited using the purposive sampling technique from six HIV clinics in West Java, Indonesia. The data were analyzed using descriptive and multiple logistic regression statistical techniques. Results: The majority of the subjects were diagnosed within less than 5 years and have been receiving antiretroviral therapy. Nursing care was indicated as the most needed, offered, and received care. Emergency financial assistance, legal services, insurance premiums, and nutritional intervention were perceived as gaps between needed and received. Characteristics such as age, educational background, having HIV manager, and income were significantly correlated to nutritional care (p< 0.05). Nutritional care was increased by 3.96% if PLWH having HIV manager (CI: 1.17-13.38, p< 0.05). Conclusion: Addressing the gap between health care needs and health offered was important to ensure that care was received appropriately. Continuing assessment of health care needs can provide direction to deliver appropriate care and ensure a comprehensive continuum of care for PLWH.

Women Behind Bars: A Scoping Review of Mental Health Needs in Prison.

Background: Women prisoners are a population that is vulnerable to mental health problems. Women prisoners have a higher risk of mental health problems than women in the general population. So far, there have been very few studies with specific on women prisoner populations discussing mental health needs in prisons. The high prevalence of mental health problems in women prisoners is inseparable from meeting the mental health needs of women prisoners in prison. This review aimed to identify the mental health needs of women prisoners. Methods: A scoping review was used, a systematic search of the articles on Oxford Academic Journals, Emerald Insight, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar using the keywords "Mental Health" OR "Health" AND "Needs" OR "Needs Assessment" OR "Addressing Needs" AND "Female" OR "Woman" OR "Women" AND "Inmates" OR "Prisoners" OR "Offenders" OR "Convicts". Results: A total of 10 out of 254 selected, were considered eligible for inclusion and the results showed that the six major themes of mental health needs of women prisoners were treatment of substance, drug, and alcohol abuse, support system, empathy, training, mental illness treatment and access to health services, and health intervention: therapy and counselling. Conclusion: It is recommended for further research to focus more on the problem of access to gender-based mental health services in prisons.

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among University Students and Lecturers in Different Provinces of Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic imposed a pressing global threat. Vaccines against COVID-19 are a key tool to control the ongoing pandemic. The success of COVID-19 vaccination programs will largely depend on public willingness to receive the vaccine. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines among university students and lecturers in four different provinces of Indonesia. An anonymous, cross-sectional study was conducted online among university students and lecturers in Indonesia between 23 December 2020 and 15 February 2021. Of 3433 respondents, 50.3% stated that they would accept COVID-19 vaccination, while 10.7% expressed unwillingness and 39% were not sure about receiving the vaccine. Concern regarding the side effects after COVID-19 vaccination was the main reason among the participants for not willing to receive the vaccine. Being male, associated with the health sector, having a higher monthly expenditure and having health insurance could increase the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine. Low trust in the government and low confidence towards vaccine safety and efficacy could hinder participants' decision to be vaccinated. Simple, clear and fact-based information from trusted sources on a regular basis will be important for building confidence towards the COVID-19 vaccination program in Indonesia.

Determinant Factors of Post-Partum Contraception among Women during COVID-19 in West Java Province, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: One of the manifestations of family development is pregnancy planning, where this method is applied 0-42 days after childbirth. Post-partum contraception is an effort to avoid pregnancy by using contraceptive medicine from 42 days to 84 days after childbirth. PURPOSE: This research aims to analyze the attitudes of fertile couples who use contraceptive devices after childbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic and the factors that influence it. METHOD: This research uses a quantitative method approach. The sampling technique was random sampling with proportional sampling so that 280 respondents were obtained from 3 regencies/cities in West Java with high fertility rates and low post-partum contraceptive participation rates. Quantitative data analysis used univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods. RESULT: The results showed that the final model of the analysis of the most determining factors for post-partum contraception during a pandemic were family support, healthcare staff support, counselling with healthcare staff, attitudes, and age at first marriage. CONCLUSION: Fertile couples with the highest amount of family support are more likely to use post-partum contraceptive devices during COVID-19. The results of this study can be used as material for consideration in making decisions about post-partum contraception, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Stakeholders' perceptions of family planning programs during the COVID-19 period: A descriptive qualitative study.

Aim: The number of unintended pregnancies and the decreasing use of contraceptives during the COVID-19 pandemic are of particular concern to the national population and family planning program. The successful implementation of the family planning program cannot be carried out by the government alone. Still, it requires strong synergy with stakeholders. The difference in perceptions among stakeholders, acceptors, and the community about family planning is crucial, so qualitative research is needed to identify this matter. This study explores stakeholders' perceptions of post-partum family planning programs and their barriers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This research uses a descriptive qualitative method, with participants consisting of family planning officers, cadres of family planning units, and the head of the family planning program. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and examined using content analysis. Results: The results show that health workers and community leaders cooperated at the village and sub-district levels in realising the family planning programs. During the COVID-19 pandemic, services were stopped at the public health centre, especially long-term contraceptive method services. Stakeholders believe that barriers to the program's success include education level, negative perceptions, lack of training, and low trust in partners. Conclusion: Cross-sectoral engagement is essential in increasing participation in family planning programs. Other critical success factors are support from husbands, community leaders, and local government.

Family Household Characteristics and Stunting: An Update Scoping Review.

Stunting remains a public health concern in developing countries. Factors related to stunting have been categorized using various frameworks. Family plays an important role in providing nutrients for children; however, no review specifies this aspect for identifying family characteristics related to stunting. This study aimed to identify family household characteristics related to stunting among children aged less than 5 years. A scoping review was undertaken with sources from PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus, using the keywords "family characteristics" AND "growth". Inclusion criteria were (1) correlational study; (2) published between 2018 and 31 July 2022; (3) families with children under the age of 5 years; and (4) independent variable any measure of stunting factors from family and household factors. Of 376 articles, only 20 met the inclusion criteria of the study. The family household characteristics included individual factors (sex age, history of diarrhea, and birthplace), family factors (family headship, primary caregiver/mother, social-cultural orientation, and family system factors), and environmental factors. Various child variables, family factors, and environmental factors (the type of home, floor type, water access, source of drinking water, and household electricity) were identified as being associated with stunting. Therefore, these factors should be evaluated to prevent and control stunting, and they should be incorporated into health programs targeting stunting.

Caries Experience among Children with History of Neonatal Stunting.

OBJECTIVE: Children with neonatal growth retardation (defined as birth length <48cm) are at risk for chronic malnutrition that begins before birth and continues into infancy. Stunting can adversely affect a child's growth and development, including oral health itself, and especially the experience of dental caries. This study analyzed the dental caries experience in children with neonatal growth retardation. MATERIALS: AND METHODS: This was a baseline and 1-year follow-up analysis of a cohort of stunted children in a potential stunting site in Bandung City. Annual data collection included interviews with mothers and dental and anthropometric examinations of children. Descriptive analysis was performed in SPSS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were recorded on paper forms and manually entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for later analysis using IBM SPSS (version 23.0). After assessment, descriptive statistics was generated prior to bivariate analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-five children met the inclusion criteria and participated in the 1-year study. Decay, missing, filling teeth (Dmft) was in the intermediate category (4.13) at baseline and fell into the high category (5.16) at 1-year follow-up, although the increase in caries remained in the low category. CONCLUSION: Dysplastic children with a history of neonatal developmental delay experience dental caries beginning in the first year of life and may become more severe later in life.

Eating Behavior and Caries Experience in Children with Growth Stunting.

OBJECTIVE: Stunting is the impaired growth and development children experience from chronic malnutrition and repeated infection that cause long-term damage. Malnutrition for a long time will affect the shape and composition of bones and teeth, making children more vulnerable to dental health problems. Preschoolers with sufficiently active consumption can choose the food they like delightful foods so that it can increase the risk of caries. Based on data from the Bandung City Health Office in 2019, 161 toddlers (25.43%) in Sukawarna Village experienced stunting. This study analyzed the relationship between eating behavior and caries experience in stunting children in Sukawarna Village, Sukajadi District. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study uses a quantitative descriptive research method with a secondary data analysis approach from the documentation of the Universitas Padjadjaran Academic Leadership Grant data with the title "Aspects of jaw growth-development and family approach in early detection and prevention of stunting." Sampling used purposive sampling specifically for preschool children with a sample size of 80 respondents. The data obtained will be processed and then analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation statistical test. RESULTS: Sixty-three percent of respondents have poor eating behavior, and the majority (80.35%) have cavities due to caries (decay). Spearman Rank correlation coefficient is -0.145 and significance is 0.0983. CONCLUSION: Overall eating behavior is related to the caries experience in stunting children. Consumption of cariogenic foods influences the caries experience.

Neonatal stunting and early childhood caries: A mini-review.

The nutritional status of pregnant women greatly determines their newborn outcome. Deficiencies of several micronutrients are associated with stunting in early childhood, affecting health into adulthood. However, apart from the systemic disease that has been a concern so far, fetal undernutrition can also be associated with dental caries in a child's early life, especially since the primary teeth begin to form during the mother's gestation period. The important thing to underline regarding the intrauterine formation of primary teeth is especially in terms of enamel formation. One of the causes of developmental enamel defects that will contribute to the emergence of early childhood caries is the malnutrition of the pregnant mother. This mini-review aims to understand the linkage mechanism behind neonatal stunting to early childhood caries. This concept is expected to generate further research to help prevent both growth stunting and early childhood caries. In addition, with some evidence-based research, the importance of the first dental visit can be further promoted.

HIV-related knowledge, information, and their contribution to stigmatization attitudes among females aged 15-24 years: regional disparities in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Stigmatization attitudes among youths toward people living with HIV (PLWH) is still an issue and concern in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the regional disparities, levels of HIV-related knowledge, information, and contributions related to stigmatization attitudes among females aged 15-24 years in Indonesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with The 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey (IDHS) was used. A total of 12,691individual records of females aged 15-24 years were recruited through two-stage stratified cluster sampling. The endpoint was stigmatization attitude. Then, bivariate and multivariate binary logistics were performed. RESULTS: The findings showed that female youths who have no HIV-related knowledge (62.15%) and some source of information (52.39%). The highest prevalence of stigmatizing attitude was 59.82%, on Java Island. Multivariate analysis showed that females living in Sulawesi and Kalimantan; those living in a rural area; and those with more HIV-related knowledge were less likely to have a stigmatizing attitude. Conversely, females with the middle- to richest-wealth index and had some HIV-related information were more likely to have a stigmatizing attitude. CONCLUSION: An understanding of stigmatizing attitudes should be considered through demographic factors, knowledge, and source of HIV-related information. The Indonesian government should pay more attention to indicators of HIV-related knowledge and information. Moreover, we suggest that the government collaborates with youths to disseminate information and restructure and reanalyze policies about HIV.

Supportive-educative nursing intervention on knowledge, attitude and physical activity intensity of survivors of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The high incidence of and death by breast cancer show that breast cancer requires serious treatment. Studies revealed that the physical activity of survivors of breast cancer significantly reduced after a diagnosis of breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effect of supportive-educative nursing intervention (SENI) on the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of survivors of breast cancer towards the intensity of physical activity. METHODS: The study population included patients with breast cancer living in a palliative shelter of a referral hospital. Data were obtained from 61 respondents (intervention group, n = 30; control group, n = 31). The study used a pre-test and post-test design with a control group (quasi-experiment with control). RESULTS: SENI showed a significant effect on the knowledge (p = 0.000) and attitude (p = 0.000) of the participants towards physical activity. SENI did not demonstrate a significant effect on increasing the intensity of physical activity (p = 0.413). CONCLUSIONS: Descriptively, the intensity of physical activity showed a tendency to increase in the intervention group, but no significant effect was noted. Palliative shelters in community can hold programmes that may increase the physical activity of survivors.

Healthcare needs of people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A qualitative descriptive study.

AIM: A better understanding about the health care and support needs is beneficial to maintain the linkage between People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH) and healthcare services. This study aims to explore the healthcare needs of PLWH from their perspectives. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study design was undertaken in July 2017 to June 2018. METHODS: Fourteen participants were recruited by purposive sampling technique. Face-to-face in-depth interview and focus-group discussion (FGD) were conducted and analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: Data revealed five themes, namely the needs to be free from stigma and discrimination, strengthen life spirit, have safe sexual practices, social support, and have accessible and affordable healthcare services. CONCLUSION: People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus have their own perspectives on their healthcare needs. Therefore, nurses and other healthcare providers need to explore, understand, and respond to the needs, and incorporate them into comprehensive and holistic care.

Effect of Mindfulness Breathing Meditation on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: A Randomized Controlled Trial among University Students.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 outbreak has caused various changes in all aspects of human life, including the educational system. These changes have forced students to undertake an adaptive process that has inevitably affected aspects of their life and psychological well-being. Adaptation of learning into online forms in universities, including nursing, triggers depression, stress, and anxiety. The high number of incidences of stress, anxiety, and depression in undergraduate students throughout the pandemic has made it important to prevent and deal with health approaches, such as mindfulness therapy. OBJECTIVE: This research intended to examine whether an intervention based on mindfulness was effective and had the potential to become an interference to reduce anxiety, stress, and depression in Indonesian university students. METHODS: This research applied a randomized controlled trial. One hundred and twenty-two students from Universitas Padjadjaran and other provinces in Indonesia participated in this study, with sixty-one students in each group. A pretest and a post-test were administered before and after the intervention using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-42). The intervention was carried out for 4 weeks with 15 min practice in each session. RESULTS: In this study, there was an effect of mindfulness breathing meditation on decreasing the mean scores for depression, anxiety, and stress in the intervention group. However, only stress (p = 0.007) and anxiety (p = 0.042) showed a significant difference in the post-test results of the intervention and control groups. In addition, there was no difference in the scores of stress, anxiety, and depression for the pre-post-tests in each group based on religion. CONCLUSION: Mindfulness breathing meditation has an impact on reducing stress and anxiety in students, so it could be applied to all university students in order to develop psychosocial status and mindful attentiveness to one's needs.